Bitcoin News and Finance

The Scalability Solution: Understanding Layer One vs. Layer Two Blockchains

Layer one (L1) and layer two (L2) blockchains offer different approaches to scaling distributed ledger networks. While developers of L1 blockchains focus on improving the base protocol, L2 programmers have moved transactions off-chain to enable faster and cheaper transactions.

What Are Layer One Blockchains?

Layer one or L1 refers to a base blockchain protocol like Bitcoin or Ethereum. These networks operate on a decentralized ledger secured by proof-of-work (PoW) mining or proof-of-stake (PoS) staking. L1 chains such as Bitcoin and Ethereum offer unparalleled security. However, during peak times, both of these chains grapple with sluggish transaction speeds and steep fees.

Developers from several L1 networks are working to improve layer one scaling through methods like increasing block size, sharding, and introducing proof-of-stake consensus. However, substantial layer one upgrades require coordination among node operators and can take years to implement. Some blockchains intend to use L2 protocols as either a temporary or long-term solution.

What Are Layer Two Blockchains?

Layer two or L2 solutions take advantage of the security of an existing layer one blockchain while enabling faster and cheaper transactions off-chain. Then the data is summarized and settled on the L1, but that’s not always the case.

Here are some key L2 solutions:

Lightning Network for Bitcoin

Bitcoin’s Lightning Network (LN) is a second-layer scaling solution designed to facilitate faster, low-cost transactions on the Bitcoin blockchain (L1). It operates on top of Bitcoin’s base layer, allowing for instant payments by circumventing the need for block confirmations.

Transactions on the Lightning Network occur off-chain in payment channels between users. Only channel open and close transactions are recorded on the Bitcoin blockchain. Participants can transact multiple times within these channels, reducing congestion and fees on L1.

Critics target LN for its prevalent use of custodial wallets, as these demand users place trust in third parties to handle their money. Moreover, the off-chain method poses a risk: if nodes lack proper backup, it could trigger an irrevocable loss of funds.

Loopring and ZK-Rollups for Ethereum

Loopring uses zero-knowledge rollups (ZK-rollups) to batch hundreds of transactions off-chain and generate a cryptographic proof verifying their validity. This proof is submitted to layer one (Ethereum), avoiding the need to process each transaction on-chain.

Polygon ZKEVM also uses ZK-rollup technology to offer high throughput Ethereum transactions with lower fees. On the risk side, some believe that relying heavily on ZK-rollups can introduce centralization risks as validators and sequencers become key to the system.

ZK-rollups are also complex both in terms of their theoretical underpinnings and implementation. This complexity can lead to potential vulnerabilities if not implemented correctly or thoroughly vetted.

Optimistic Rollups

Optimistic rollups like Optimism and Arbitrum offer similar throughput improvements by processing transactions off-chain. However, they take a different approach than ZK-rollups for settling data on layer one.

While ZK-rollups cryptographically prove validity, Optimistic rollups assume transactions are valid and only settle/dispute transactions on layer one if needed. This requires a separate fraud-proof process.

Optimistic rollups are also complex and just like ZK-rollups the tech can lead to unforeseen vulnerabilities or bugs. Another critique is the delay in withdrawals from an Optimistic rollup back to the main chain.

Starknet and Validium

Starknet leverages Stark proofs to validate transactions off-chain for later settlement on Ethereum. Validium platforms like Boba Network also move contract execution off-chain but don’t settle back to layer one.

Starknet and Validium critiques include complexity, trust assumptions, and computational intensity. Moreover, relying on specific entities for off-chain data storage can lead to centralization, potentially making the system more vulnerable to attacks or manipulation.

The Scalability Trilemma

No solution offers speed, security, and decentralization in equal measure. Layer two aims for transaction speed without sacrificing the security of layer one. However, some believe decentralization is lost by moving computations off-chain.

Others insist the ideal long-term solution likely combines layers one and two. Meanwhile, numerous crypto enthusiasts remain firmly rooted in the belief that only L1s hold significance in the onward journey.

In summary, layer two platforms offer a different path to scalability by handling transactions off-chain, while some still benefit from the robust security model of layer one. To some this balance of speed and security makes layer two solutions appealing for blockchain adoption.

While some dismiss L2s as a complete waste of time or deem them entirely pointless, the discourse stretches on. Yet, through years of discussion, work continues to enhance both layers to achieve the optimum blend of scalability, security, and decentralization.

What do you think about the differences between L1 and L2 blockchain technology? Share your thoughts and opinions about this subject in the comments section below.

Custodial Lightning Network Service Attack Discovered by LN ‘Newbie’ — Hacker Strikes 6 LN Custodians

On September 18, a Redditor posted to the r/bitcoin forum and explained how he discovered a way to “attack [the] lightning Network’s custodial services.” The Reddit account dubbed “Reckless Satoshi” wanted to figure out if a “discrepancy between real routing fees and service’s transaction fee can be exploited for a profit.” The researcher disclosed that he wanted to see how large the damage could be and said “it is bad.” 6 Lightning Network Custodial Services Attacked, Researcher Discloses Findings to Offenders Prior to Public Disclosure A Redditor called Reckless Satoshi published a disclosure post on r/bitcoin this past Saturday and disclosed how he had found a vulnerability with routing fees and some of the Lightning Network’s custodial services. The research attack was done in good faith and after it was complete he disclosed the bugs to the offending services before publishing his findings. Reckless Satoshi used the Lightning Network (LN) attack on six different services incl

Axie Infinity Down 40% Since Last Week’s Price High, Protocol Revenue Outshines Competitors

Last week, the game token leveraged within the Axie Infinity gaming universe skyrocketed to all-time highs, while other crypto markets remained extremely lackluster. During the last seven days, Axie Infinity’s platform token has dropped significantly in value shedding more than 12%. Meanwhile, the game platform’s smooth love potion token has slid over 8% over the last 24 hours. Axie Infinity Down More Than 40% Since All-Time High Not too long ago, the axie infinity (AXS) token was a topical conversation because it reached an all-time high on July 15. At the time, AXS managed to capture $28.93 per unit and since then it has shed 12.8% during the last seven days. The axie infinity (AXS) token is used within the blockchain-based game that involves battles between token-based creatures called “Axies.” AXS is used for the game’s governance system as well as other actions within the game. At the time of writing axie infinity (AXS) is exchanging hands for $16.70 per coin. AXS/USD on Ju

Play-to-Earn Game From Polker (PKR) Exchange Listing – Endorsed by Akon

The Play-to-Earn NFT based Polker.Game ‘s native token $PKR has been officially listed on the popular centralized exchange BitMart. Polker.game has been in the spotlight recently as Akon, the American R&B superstar and record producer gave his official endorsement of polker stating that the “game is revolutionary” and that Polker is “hands down.. the best play to earn, NFT game in the space.”. With the BitMart listing and celebrity endorsement from Akon, Polker is perfectly positioned to become a major player in the Play-to-Earn league. Watch Akon’s Video Here What is Play-to-Earn? Although not a new concept, play-to-earn has become a trending term due to the popularity of the NFT game AXIE infinity. In the past, previous play-to-earn games have also achieved success – however, thanks to the huge amount of development in the blockchain space in recent years the gaming experience is now massively improved. Play-to-Earn games are essentially free to play and open to anyone and

China to Crack Down on Copyright Infringement Through NFTs

Authorities in China are going after creators of digital collectibles based on other people’s works of art, the use of which was not authorized. The government offensive is part of a campaign to combat online copyright infringement and piracy with the participation of several departments. Regulators in China Move to Strengthen Copyright Supervision of Online Platforms The National Copyright Administration of China (NCAC) has recently launched a campaign against copyright infringement and piracy on the internet, together with the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the Ministry of Public Security, and the State Internet Information Office of the People’s Republic. A major objective of the initiative is to improve copyright supervision of online businesses by investigating cases involving the sale and distribution of infringing products on short video, live broadcast and e-commerce platforms, and promptly dealing with infringing content, the agency announced in a press r

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